Sociological Analysis Of Hip Hop And Rap Music - 3152 Words

1.) In this class we have examined the sociological forces that created the social conditions from which Hip-Hop emerged in the Bronx. Drawing upon Chang, as well as videos (Bronx is Burning, Flying Cut Sleeves etc.), discuss the sociological roots of rap. Specifically, what social forces (for example: state policies, global economic trends, technological advancements, community characteristics as well as race, class, gender politics) were present and facilitated the development of Hip-Hop? Hip-Hop is an extensive and a broad conglomerate of various artistic forms that ultimately originated in the South Bronx and then quickly spread throughout the rest of New York City among African-Americans and other African-American youth mainly from the Caribbean and from Jamaica during the 1970’s. Over the course of decades and recent years, controversy surrounding Hip-Hop and rap music has been the vanguard of the media. From the over hype of the East and West Coast rivalry to the deaths of Tupac, Biggie, and even Michael Brown and Trayvon Martin, it seems that political and broadcasting groups have been injudicious to place essentially the blame on rap and Hip-Hop music for a superficial trend in youth violence. Even though critics are very quick to point out the vehement and intense lyrics of some Hip-Hop artists, they are ultimately missing the point of their message. Similar to other different forms of music, Hip-Hop and rap cannot be understood unless it is studied and analyzedShow MoreRelatedRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came1300 Words   |  6 PagesHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came from the â€Å"ghetto† and it became a cultural force of social protest and creativity. But from the 1990s and onward hip-hop changed from a cultural creative production to one of mass consumption. Hip-hop began to grow and through mass marketing targeting larger and whiter audiences hip-hop evolved in to relying on the images of crime and sex. Hip-hop has changed from a tool of social change to cars, womenRead MoreThe Effect of Hip-Hop on Female AAE Speakers Essay1044 Wo rds   |  5 Pagespopular RB/Hip-Hop songs in 2013. Because hip-hop is a very large part of the African American culture, and many speakers of African American English (AAE) are portrayed through these songs, women are often highly influenced by the objectification of their bodies in hip-hop songs. Since the emergence of the hip-hop genre in popular culture in the 1960s and 70s, women’s bodies have been sexually objectified through this music. Although the impact of the sexualization of women’s bodies in hip-hop songsRead MoreFeminism Of Hip Hop And Rap Music1504 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Hip Hop or Rap music is often related to themes of misogyny and objectification towards women (Weitzer and Kubrin 2009 ; Gourdine and Lemmons 2011). Ruby M. Gourdine and Brianna P. Lemmons specifically state that misogynistic themes began to gain prominence in the genre during the late 1980s. I would suggest that the prevalence of objectification and misogyny in hip hop could pose a threat to a positive self image for females, exposed to this form of media. What is objectificationRead MoreEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 Pagesto Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance Julian Tanner, University of Toronto Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University Scot Wortley, University of Toronto This research compares representations of rap music with the self-reported criminal behavior and resistant attitudes of the music’s core audience. Our database is a large sample of Toronto high school students (n = 3,393) from which we identify a group of listeners, whose combination of musical likes and dislikes distinguish them as rap univoresRead MoreAmerican Government And Politics : The Melting Pot2725 Words   |  11 Pages America has always been referred to as a melting pot. According to The Dorsey Dictionary of American Government and Politics, a melting pot is a sociological term that â€Å"implies (1) that each succeeding wave of immigrants to the United States blends into the general society and (2) that this melting is ideally what should happen† (Shafrtiz 348). The term is originally from Israel Zangwill’s play The Melting-Pot. In this play, he wrote â€Å"America is God’s Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all racesRead MoreRap Music Leads to Crime Should Be Labeled a Deviant Behavior1852 Words   |  8 Pagessanction authority upon rap music that is verbally racist, demoralizing and abusive. Rap music has played a huge role in this generation for kids, ages 13 to 18 and has powerfully influenced their thoughts as rock music influenced teenagers in the past. The difference is that a lot of rock music talks about love, political activeness, or sometimes the telling of a simple story. All in all rock music for the most part was not as derogatory as rap music is today. Sometimes rock music could contain subjectsRead MoreWhat Influences The Fashion Trends?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesleggings. Navel piercings got to be prevalent with ladies, which agreed with the rise of tummy shirts that uncovered the midsection. Pants got to be baggier as hip-hop rose onto the music scene, frequently in brilliantly colored hues like red or green. Furthermore, men started to hang their jeans, wearing their jeans loose and beneath the hips. Toward the begin of the 21st century, singularity again reemerged. Innovation like mobile phones and MP3 players turned out to be more ordinary, paying littleRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagespopular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilize actions around these claims, and the way in which they are manifested in mechanisms of control targeted at rap and rock music. Moreover, I explore how theRead MorePopular Music As Vehicle Of Popular Culture4053 Words   |  17 PagesPOPULAR MUSIC AS VEHICLE OF POPULAR CULTURE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTEMPORARY MIZO CULTURE By Lalven Sanga INTRODUCTION The rapid growth of communication and development of media brought about changes to the human culture and societies. The study of culture is more complex than ever before. Richard H. Robbins says, â€Å"In cultural anthropology, as in every science, we strive to look beyond the world of everyday experiences to discover the patterns and meanings that lie behind that world

Social Amibition is the Stepping Stone to Humilliation in...

In William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy of Twelfth Night, Malvolio’s, Sebastian’s and Sir Andrew’s greed for power and status, mirror the theme that being socially ambitious makes people an easy target for mockery and embarrassment. In the play, Malvolio desperately tries to win Olivia’s heart, falling under Maria’s trap. Sebastian proves his shallow and ambiguous self when he agrees to wed a complete stranger for wealth, and Sir Andrew vainly tries to prove his worth and nobleness to his fellow upper classmen, turning himself into a laughing stock. These three characters’ foolish actions create humor in the play as well as preach us that social ambition is the stepping stone for humiliation. Malvolio, head steward of Olivia’s household is an arrogant and proud man, who evokes distaste but also pity from the audience. Maria and company craft a masterful trap into which Malvolio walks right into; they trick him into believing th at the lady Olivia loves him and wishes him to prove his love for her through a series of actions. Not only does he not doubt this for a second, but he eagerly agrees to fulfill all of the embarrassing things he has been set up to do: â€Å"I do not now fool/ myself, to let my imagination jade me; for every reason/ excites to this, that my lady loves me† [5.2.153-155]. Malvolio’s declaration confirms that he is completely blinded by the thought of him being a count and imagining himself bossing servants around and being showered with wealth that he

The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay Free Essays

Teaching practicum concerns readying of instructors and its usage has embraced all the learning experiences of pupil instructors in schools. The intent of reexamining related literature is to research thoughts of learning practicum. This reappraisal will discourse three chief thoughts, viz. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , overview of the construct of beliefs and learning practicum, theoretical model and related research surveies. 2.1 The construct of learning practicum Teaching practicum is about universally recognized today as the flood tide of a instructor ‘s professional readying in pre-service instructor instruction plans. Harmonizing to the surveies of Gower A ; Walters ( 1983 ) , the instruction pattern programme is the major indispensable constituent in professional instruction. Teaching practicum is defined as those periods of uninterrupted pattern 12 hebdomads ( depends on the peculiar instructor preparation college or university ) in school constitute an obligatory portion of the class in colleges or universities of instruction. This period of practical experience is besides called by assorted term, clinical experience, pupil instruction, learning pattern every bit good as practicum. During the instruction practicum, pupil instructor conducts schoolroom lessons and performs the responsibilities of a instructor in school. Harmonizing to the Teacher Training Division Guidelines on practicum for pre-service instructor preparation ( 2005 ) , learning practicum provide chances for pupil instructor to pattern theories in instruction and acquisition patterns and to develop single instruction and learning theories. The chief purpose of learning practicum is to bring forth effectual school instructors and non simply schoolroom instructor. Student instructors are besides provided with chances for a assortment of brushs with kids in schools. This means that pupil instructors are non merely cognize how to learn efficaciously in category but are besides able to manage co-curricular activities as good. In short, learning practicum programme is to fit future instructors with the indispensable experiences which can take to the development of their professional competences. Teaching practicum purposes for pupil instructors to maestro and pattern all the constructs, rules, accomplishments and values in order to go a p rofessional instructor. 2.2 What is belief? Harmonizing to Michaela Borg ( 2001 ) , belief is a proposition which may consciously or unconsciously held, is appraising in that it is accepted as true by the person, and at that place imbued with affectional committedness ; farther, it serves as usher to thought and bahaviour. On the other manus, Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975 ) define belief as information, factual, and nonfactual knowledges. Cognition is described as â€Å" what person knows or assumes to be true † ( Berkowitz, 1980, p. 275 ) . No affair what is one ‘s belief, the beliefs still play an of import function in many facets of instruction, every bit good as in life. It is because these beliefs help persons make sense of the universe, act uponing how new information in perceived, and whether it is accepted or rejected. Nevertheless, beliefs differ from cognition, although they are related to each other, in that beliefs do non ever represent the truth. Beliefs are non merely considered as discipline-dependent ( Tsai, 2002 ) , but beliefs besides include apprehensions, premises, images or propositions that are felt to be true ( Kagan, 1992 Richardson, 1996 ) . 2.3 Theoretical model 2.3.1 Teachers ‘ Beliefs Shulman ( 1986 ) claimed that a instructor needs to cognize about the capable affair, to cognize a assortment of general instructional schemes, and to cognize about the specific schemes necessary for learning peculiar capable affair. Most of us would besides hold that the good instructor transforms curriculum ends and guidelines in such a manner that a peculiar pupil is able to get the hang and understand the related content. Dan Lortie states that one ‘s personal sensitivities are non merely relevant but, in fact, stand at the nucleus of going a instructor. Teachers ‘ belief is a term normally used to mention to teacher ‘s pedagogic beliefs, or those beliefs of relevancy to an single instruction. The countries most normally explored are instructors ‘ beliefs about instruction, acquisition, and scholars ; capable affair ; self as a instructor, or the function of a instructor ( Calderhead, 1995 ) . Besides that, instructors ‘ beliefs do play a cardinal function in the procedure of instructor development. Those beliefs form portion of the procedure of understanding how instructors ‘ conceptualize their work as a instructor. Tatto ‘s ( 1996, p. 155 ) of import work on beliefs concluded â€Å" laic cultural norms among enrollees are strongly ingrained and that most teacher instruction, as it is presently structured, is a weak intercession to change peculiar positions sing the instruction and direction of diverse scholars † . Another survey shows that â€Å" a individual ‘s belief system has permeant effects in different domains of activity- ideological, conceptual, perceptual, and esthetic † ( Rokeach, 1960, p. 288 ) . In add-on, Brown found that certain philosophical beliefs and educational beliefs were effectual in foretelling agreement-disagreement with experimentalism of schoolroom pattern. â€Å" Indications were that professed educational beliefs had a generalised consequence on learning behaviour ; specific cardinal beliefs were most powerful in act uponing specific schoolroom behaviours † ( Brown A ; Webb, 1968, p. 215 ) . To back up those beliefs, Clark and Peterson ( 1986 ) proposed that: The most resilient or ‘core ‘ instructors ‘ beliefs are formed on the footing of instructors ‘ ain schooling as immature pupils while detecting instructors who taught them. Subsequent instructor instruction appears non to upset these early beliefs, non least, possibly, because it seldom addresses them. If instructors really seek out a peculiar invention which does non ab initio conform to their anterior beliefs or rules and the invention proves helpful or successful, so adjustment of an alternate belief or rule is more possible than in any other circumstance. For the notice instructor, schoolroom experience and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interaction with co-workers has the possible to act upon peculiar relationships among beliefs and rules, and, over clip, consolidate the person ‘s substitution of them. However, it seems that greater experience does non take to greater adaptability in our beliefs and, thereby, the forsaking of strongly held pedagogic rules. Quite the contrary in fact. The more experience we have, the more reliant on our ‘core ‘ rules we have become and the less witting we are making so. Professional development which engages instructors in a direct geographic expedition if their beliefs and rules may supply the chance for greater self-awareness through contemplation and critical inquiring as get downing points for ulterior version. The instructors ‘ conceptualisations of, for illustration, linguistic communication, acquisition, and learning are situated within that individual ‘s wider belief system refering such issues as human nature, civilization, society, instruction and so on. Consequently, instructors ‘ belief about the importance of learning have a great impact on their instruction patterns ( Salmon, 1988 ) . The following subdivision will look at instructors ‘ belief about learning practicum. 2.3.2 Teachers ‘ belief about learning practicum The term ‘practicum ‘ is used generically to mention to the different types of school fond regard ; viz. , school experience, learning assistantship, learning pattern and so forth that pre-service pupils will be undergoing as portion their initial instructor readying programme. The school-based practicum is designed to enable pupil instructors to detect a instructor ‘s existent work of work, and to use and polish the cognition and accomplishments acquired through course-work in schoolroom instruction. Student instructors are to utilize the chances during the practicum to incorporate instruction theory and pattern and to widen their practical experiences. In the context of learning practicum, a pupil instructor is expected to use what they have learned theoretically. To maximise the public-service corporation of practicum, it is of import that instructor trainers actively promote the effectual acquisition during the practicum period. Effective acquisition should be concerned with the acquisition of organized wholes of cognition. It is a procedure that involves developing the ability to place the aims one is seeking and, within a flexible model, optimising a programme to run into these aims, in line with single acquisition properties. Effective acquisition besides needs to accomplish transference of cognition from the artificiality of a preparation class, to practical application where the trainees adapts acquired cognition to the sensed demands of a peculiar job or state of affairs ( Robotham, 2003 ) . Many researches claim that learning practicum is a cardinal component in most pre-service instructor instruction programmes. Many besides debates about the appraisal of the pattern of pupil instructors frequently reflect ongoing philosophical arguments about the nature of instructor instruction ( Brown, 1996 ) and traditional barriers between instructors and faculty members ( Groundwater-Smith, 1997 ) . A set of written standards used to measure the competency of pre-service secondary instructor instruction pupils during practicum. The dimensions of the appraisal protocol did non look to be based on any articulated theory of good instruction pattern, and there were important uncertainties about the extent to which the assorted groups of stakeholders had a shared apprehension of the criterions implied in the standards. In instruction what we label as criterions are socially constructed and often fuzzed ( Sadler, 1987 ) and require the shared apprehension of a concept in a community of pattern ( Wiliam, 1996 ) . 2.4 Related Research Studies 2.4.1 Pre-service instructors ‘ beliefs about learning practicum Prior to existent instruction experiences, pre-service instructors derive their initial positions on learning from at least two beginnings. First, it comes from their personal experiences as pupils, dwelling of their interactions with and exposures to assorted instructors throughout their school life, with such factors holding a inclination to act upon their grounds for calling pick, every bit good as beliefs and patterns on their professional lives ( Ben-Petetz, 2003 ; Bramald, Hardman, A ; Leat, 1995 ; Saban, 2003 ) . Second, it consequences from pre-service instructors organizing their conceptual repertories as they undergo the formal preparation provided by teacher educational plans ( Bermald, 1995 ; Dunkin, Precian, A ; Nettle, 1994 ; Nettle, 1998 ) , ab initio dwelling of theoretical cognition through foundation and methods classs, and finally come oning or climaxing into the application of such theories via the alleged pattern instruction. Few surveies have been done in pre-service instructors. The undermentioned premises are cardinal to a justification of pattern as a portion of the preparation of instructors: Teaching is behavior, and as behaviour is capable to analysis, alteration, and betterment. Much of the accustomed behaviour which persons have developed in other contexts is inappropriate for the instruction state of affairs. Under present conditions, much instruction is conducted under conditions of emphasis. Teaching is an highly complex sort of behaviour, affecting the full scope of idea procedures, communicating and physical action. Teachers, through pattern can larn to analyse, knock and command their ain instruction behaviour. Practice has the double intent of preparation and the riddance of the unfit. Practice provides the experience which gives intending to many other facets of direction in instruction ( learning ) . The beliefs of pre-service TESL instructors have may deserve their ain geographic expedition. These beliefs may act upon pupils in acquisition of cognition, choice and definition of specific learning undertakings, and reading of cognition, and reading of class content. Puchta ( 1999 ) asserts that ‘beliefs are steering rules of our pupils ‘ behaviour and strong perceptual filtersaˆÂ ¦ they act as if they were true ‘ . On the other manus, Dunkin ( 1994 ) claims that how student-teachers ‘ positions on instruction may be influenced by formal learning practicum programme. Kennedy ( 1996 ) hypothesizes that ‘real and effectual alteration in instructors ‘ patterns can merely happen through a alteration in their beliefsaˆÂ ¦ the manner instructors behave ‘ . How to cite The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay, Essay examples

The Forgotten (Persuasive for prison education) Essay Example For Students

The Forgotten (Persuasive for prison education) Essay The media has jaded people in todays society, and It seems that people no longer care or even attempt to think about others problems and how to fix them. Many people In this country either do not care or are happy to be ignorant of the Issues affecting our world today. If someone cannot come up with a quick fix immediately then they simply ignore the problem until it becomes intolerable. This is true when it comes to thinking about those that we put behind bars. The prison system Is only brought to the forefront when they become overpopulated and its time to create new prisons. Every couple of years this issue comes up and always the same solution Is proposed. Building more prisons will only exacerbate the problem in the end, due to the ineffectiveness of prisons. While this is a way out of the problem, It does not get to the heart of the problem. As a society have to begin to focus on the bigger picture. It is time that people realize that creating prisons Is not a solution to this problem. A practical and more permanent solution to our failing prison system is to fund the creation of new educational programs for Inmates through our tax dollars. According to statistics from the Bureau of Justice, In 2005, over 7 million people were on probation, In Call or prison, or on parole at yearned 2005 3. 2% of all U. S. Adult residents or 1 in every 32 adults. Statistics show that if nothing is done, these shocking figures will continue to rapidly increase throughout the years. Even though the United States does not have the largest general population, it somehow managed to have the largest prison population worldwide (Vulcan). As if that is not bad enough recidivism rates are extremely high, and some experts believe that the number of people locked up In the U. S. Could double in the next 10 years (Levities). Society locks them up, throws the key away, and forgets about them. They continue to exhaust the nations resources throughout their entire lives, because they simply dont know any better. As a nation we must realize that this problem has to be dealt with, and not in the usual fashion. While there is no quick and easy fix that would help this nation there Is definitely something that can be done. Although building new prisons seems to keep the problem at bay, its really Just making things worse. In the short run building more prisons might appear to be a seeable and most cost effective solution, but In the long run It will end up costing more. As the number of inmates Increase, the amount of time and other resources put into prisons will proportionally increase as well. Legislators are constantly struggling to fund healthcare and education, and yet they continue to pay for an expensive Justice system that is destroying communities. Billions of public safety dollars are absorbed by prison expansion and limits the nations ability to focus on more effective strategies to promote public safety (Vicinity). Why should taxpayers intone to fund a system that has constantly proven to be completely Ineffective? Instead of continuing to waste billions on our current prison system, we should make an Immense Investment Tanat would create a new prison system; a system Tanat educates inmates, helps keep them out of prison, and prepares them for their life after prison. By financing prison education today, not only will we be creating safer society, but there will be more resources to allocate in the future into more useful programs. Many studies have shown that educating prisoners will drastically reduce recidivism rates. .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .postImageUrl , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:hover , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:visited , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:active { border:0!important; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:active , .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91 .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2a475f4f726747fa046040729cabd91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exemplification: Why The World Is Doomed EssayPeople whose humanity has been restored through dedicated education in prison tend to prefer a crimes life after release. (Suffer) No matter what the case is, anybody with an education will always have a higher chance of getting a Job. Jobs will keep ex-convicts preoccupied; this will promote safety in communities, and decrease crime rates. Bollards article stated that only one out of the ten inmates that participated in a prison educational program has returned to prison. If this ten percent recidivism figure holds true throughout the entire prison population, prisons will eventually have to start closing down. With prisons closing downs, the economy will begin to flourish. Resources would become available to fund many of the other sections of the economy that are currently in need of help as well. Tax payers might find themselves asking, Why should my tax dollars pay for somebody elses education? We must all realize, that we need to work together in order to promote general safety and the overall good of the nation. If this problem is continued to be ignored, ex-convicts will continue to commit crimes against others, and eventually return to prison.

Online Counseling Ethical Concerns Essay Sample free essay sample

1. ) What function do you see engineering playing in the substance maltreatment field of reding? Technology has become really of import facet of all sort of interventions and therapies. It has provided an effectual platform when it comes to information sharing and information direction. It has provided an effectual tool of communicating. In the instances like substance maltreatment among adolescents and immature people. the function of professionals becomes of import to understand the grounds and causes of substance maltreatment. Substance abuse guidance is one of the countries where online guidance has been really successful. Peoples involve in substance maltreatment normally fear to discourse their job with anyone. The practical platform helps them to cover with their interior struggle without any fright in head. The counsellor can promote substance maltreater for the person-to-person guidance Sessionss. The job of initial vacillation can be dealt efficaciously with on-line guidance. 2. ) What are some of the ethical considerations that must be addressed when working with engineering in assisting environments? There are assorted ethical considerations for utilizing engineering in assisting environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Counseling Ethical Concerns Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first among the same is confidentiality. Therapist should utilize engineering from a location where no 1 else is reading or composing the messages of individual seeking aid. All the inside informations of patients should be kept secured and confidential and no 1 else should hold entree to information without consent of patient. Counselor should merely cover with the patients for whom they have license whether it is instance specific or location particular. Another issue is related to the confirmation of patients’ inside informations every bit good as the counselors’ inside informations. Patients should acquire adequate information or nexus to some credential web site or establishment from where he can verify the professional certificates of counsellor. Similarly. patient should supply necessary inside informations about his age. sex and other information relevant to the legal. regulative and professional guidance models. 3. ) Identify two ethical challenges that you may meet utilizing engineering. What recommendations do you hold? Two ethical challenges that I may meet utilizing engineering will be hallmark of the on-line service supplier or receiving system and confidentiality of information. As a patient. I would be concerned about whether the web site I am mentioning is authenticated or non. The professional integrating would be one of the countries of concerns. One of ethical quandary can come with some new patients for on-line reding coming from outside my geographical country and their jobs are my country of expertness. In such instance. I would give those mentions of on-line counsellors available in their location and bespeak them to utilize their services. On the other manus. as a professional I would be concerned about the information provided by patient. It is really hard to happen out whether the individual having the guidance session is really patient or non. To guarantee that I am covering with the same individual. I would wish to maintain record of my old conversations and before get downing reding session I would reiterate or remember some points of the old session. This will besides assist in doing the patient comfortable for the session. I would supply my professional inside informations every bit good as nexus or beginnings of establishments from where patient can verify my professional making and expertness before get downing any guidance session. Mention: Coney. G. Corey M S and Callnan P ( 2007 ) Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions Thomson Brooks/Cole. Thomson Higher Education. Belmont CA. USA ( 7e ) ( 199-209 )

In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Essay Example

In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Essay Example In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Paper In What Ways Have ASDA Maintained Competitive Advantage Paper The supermarket industry is fiercely competitive and is currently dominated by the Big Three companies: Sainsburys, Tesco and ASDA. To ensure that they remain in these three, it is important that each company gains and maintains their own competitive advantage. So, in what ways does ASDA do this? The three main factors that help ASDA maintain a competitive advantage are: * Reputation * Advertising * Market Research ASDA is well known for being the friendliest and cheapest supermarket. Customers can expect the legendary service with personality from all employees and the products they want at the lowest prices. This reputation is invaluable as it is the main reason why people shop and continue to shop at ASDA. To maintain this competitive advantage, ASDA make sure that their staff are as helpful as possible and regularly check to ensure that they are. All members of staff also wear Happy To Help badges to make them more approachable. ASDA try to emphasise this as much as possible, even one of their popular slogans is, Always Happy To Help. To ensure that they also have the lowest prices possible, ASDA hire employees to price check at rival supermarket chains. This has proven to be effective as they have been awarded the title of Britains Best Value Supermarket for the fifth consecutive year. Since 1999, ASDA have cut their prices by around i 0. 5 billion. Customers obviously recognise and value this as they continue to shop at ASDA. ASDA utilise advertising as an extremely powerful tool to attract customers. ASDA air more television commercials during daytime than any of their main competitors. They use this to make existing and potential customers aware of their latest deals and of course, that they are, always happy to help. These advertisements not only interest customers with their products but also make familiarise them with the name and associate ASDA with friendliness and great value. This association will make people who tend to shop at different supermarkets want to shop at ASDA if they feel that they offer a better service and are better value. Market research is also vitally important to maintain their competitive advantage. Market Research ensures that ASDA provide everything that their customer needs and also finds new products that customers would be interested in. To make this competitive advantage as long-lasting as possible, ASDA frequently research into customer care, consumer issues and product development, as well as ongoing advertising campaigns and price comparison. This helps ASDA keep ahead of the game and offer goods and services that their main competitors do not yet offer. Customers are also welcome to submit their feedback to ASDA through questionnaires available on their exit. These questionnaires help ASDA to find out the needs of their customers by interacting directly with them. Although these are the three main factors that help ASDA maintain a competitive advantage, others are just as important. These include the use of the Internet and innovation. ASDAs Internet shopping system has proven to be extremely popular. It is also a very cost-efficient way of advertising, which ASDA use to their full advantage. Internet shopping is becoming increasingly popular as it allows customers to shop from their own home instead of having to make the journey to the supermarket. Many customers prefer this because it allows them more free time, something that many people do not have much of in a busy, modern life. ASDA recognised this very early on and was one of the first UK Supermarkets to try out this system. Advertising on the Internet allows ASDA to target potential customers by advertising on a website that potential customers would be interested in. ASDA hire a group of people to constantly think up new ideas to stay ahead of the game and encourage staff and customers alike to make any suggestion that they want. ASDAs constant innovation has allowed customers a wider range of products available in ASDA. New specialised counters are constantly being added to help customers find what they want more easily and to ensure that the food is of high standard. These include specialisation in pizza, chicken, and fresh salads and fruits. Specialisation allows ASDA to assign employees to make a certain type of food. By just concentrating on this food, this ensures that it is of high quality and the employee will be as helpful as possible because they will know a lot about it. Conclusion ASDA rely on competitive advantage to keep their existing customers and to encourage other people to shop there. ASDA have many ways to ensure that they maintain this advantage. These include market research, advertising, the Internet, innovation and most importantly, their reputation. All of these factors guarantee that ASDA is more attractive to shoppers than their main competitors and make people want to shop there. ASDA take competitive advantage very seriously and this has caused them to win numerous awards including, Britains best value supermarket and also become the most popular supermarket in the UK.

How Puerto Ricans Migrated New York Research Paper

How Puerto Ricans Migrated New York - Research Paper Example For this particular paper, I will be concentrating on the history of one of the largest immigrant cultures ever to come aboard the American shores. This paper will shed light upon how the Puerto Ricans migrated to New York City. The paper itself will divide the migration history of Puerto Ricans into the United States into 2 parts. The first part will cover the 20th century migration era and the latter part, the 21st century migration experience of Puerto Ricans to New York. However, in order to understand the reasons for the migration, we must first understand how Puerto Rico happened to become a part of unofficial U.S. territory in the first place. The relationship of the United States and Puerto Rico is one that is hard to define, little understood, and even more little known than to a select circle of historians who have documented the strange, symbiotic relationship of America and Puerto Rico. Though not listed as a part of the American territories, Puerto Rico still enjoys a sp ecial type of status privilege with America. As a protectorate state, the Puerto Ricans are neither truly Americans nor truly Puerto Rican. Rather, the people of Puerto Rico are known as â€Å"non citizen nationals†. Enjoying a unique kind of migrant status in the country in the process. Before the Spanish-American war came to an end, Puerto Rico was a part of Spanish occupied territory. One year before the war officially came to an end, Spain thought it in the best interest of Puerto Rico to grant it independence. However, before the finalities to independence could be applied, Spain had lost the war and in the process of surrender, had given Puerto Rico to the United States as part of an armistice between Spain and the United States. Puerto Rico officially became part of the United States roster of countries under its protectorate on October 18, 18981 Having enjoyed a protectorate relationship with the United States for more than a century, Puerto Ricans are technically â⠂¬Å"American citizens† with an independently functioning homeland ever since 1917. Falling under such a description, Puerto Rican nationals who go to the United States automatically carry United States citizenship the minute they step onto the U.S. mainland. As such, Puerto Ricans are not technically perceived to be immigrants to the United States but rather a migrant population 2 Due to the occupation of Spain and eventual turn over to the United States, Puerto Rico was never able to create a stable economy for itself. The country was mired in a high rate of poverty and economic depression. Puerto Ricans who understood the technicalities of their country's relationship with the United States chose to migrate rather than face the continuous hardships that beset their country. This time of migration came to be known as the Great Migration from Puerto Rico and resulted in a great number of Puerto Ricans entering the United States through Ellis Island in New York. Throughout time , there would be a steady influx of migrants from Puerto Rico into the United States using New York as their port of entry. The existence of good work opportunities in New York at the time of their arrival signaled that these migrants would be calling New York City their home for the time being. 3 The passing of the Johnson Act in 1921 was meant to help ease the burden of lack of job opportunities for Puerto Ricans in the United States due to competition from European immigrants. The passage of the act ensured a stream of available jobs for Puerto Ricans

Malignancy (Cellular Pathology) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Malignancy (Cellular Pathology) - Case Study Example In addition, unlike the cancerous squamous cells which appear abnormal and distorted, normal squamous cells look smooth and regular. Deeper analysis focusing on the nucleus would have provided information that identifies and distinguishes normal from cancerous adipose tissue. The malignant adipose tissue have large nucleus with irregular shape and size. In addition, the nucleoli are prominent; the cytoplasm is scarce and deeply colored or, on the opposite, is pale. The nucleus of malignant adipose tissue plays, through its alterations, a big role in the evaluation of malignancy. Changes are associated with the surface, structure and homogeneity, the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, volume, as well as shape and density. Ultra-structural features are associated with changes in chromatin (e.g. reduction in heterochromatin and increase of perichromatin and interchromatin granules, formation of inclusions, and increase of nuclear membrane pores), invaginations, and nucleus segmentation. The nucleus is characterized by its movement towards the membrane, hypertrophy, numerical increase, development of intranuclear and canalicular systems between the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane, and macro and micro-segregation. Mitoses are also a regular feature of malignant adipose tissue. Mitoses numerically increase, atypical mitosis forms with defects in the mitotic spindle develop, which produces dissymmetrical structures, triple or quadruple asters, and atypical forms of chromosomes. Nuclear changes justify genetic defects associated with these changes, and also explain the presence of different squamous cell clones. In malignant adipose tissue that are severely anaplastic, the presence of large nuclei and multinucleate squamous cells shows abnormal divisions (Hermans 2006, pg. 27). The morphological features discussed here symbolize the changes happening at metabolic level, with the augmentation of structures in regards to the

Digital Media Report on Management of Innovation Essay

Digital Media Report on Management of Innovation - Essay Example The company is co-owned by Amargi Investments and UK Safety Company with the former owning 90%, while the latter being in possession of the remaining share. The initial idea was first developed at the end of year 2002 by Leigh Dowie, while in Woodside’s LNG IV Project. Being an engineer and experiencing complications in keeping the workplace accident free, he saw it as an opportunity to improve on the existing safety systems. In 2003, research was started on the existing safety systems and the problems realized in the systems prompted the embracing of technology in new designs of the security systems. Leigh Dowie went on to design new safety systems, carrying out the planning excellently and executing IP strategy, which will be explained in details in the subsequent sections. In 2005, with the design ready, Dowie approached the authorities in order to be handed a license and did promotion on the first prototype that was released in the course of the year. Comprehensive prototy ping then followed in the year 2006 with the final design being achieved in the following year. Additionally, license negotiation was carried out in 2007. Lots of efforts were put into the design in 2008 and 2009 with Dowie achieving to establish a license, trial production being run and also validation testing being done and completed. In the year 2010 early commercials trials were done on the design and the design acquired standard certification in the same year. The systems were now ready for the market by 2011 and commenced first distributor sales with Exclusive Rights being cancelled the same year. In 2012 the company has now focused on raising the capital and initiating distributor networks and direct sales Establishing an environment for innovation IP Strategies IP is the abbreviation of Intellectual Property rights, which are the rights accorded to an inventor of a design by the government so as to avoid exploitation of the inventor and also avoid a situation in which someon e else would use the design without consent from the design owner1. There are different kinds of IP rights, which chiefly depend on the kind of property being granted the right of ownership. In cases where a new design is developed or an existing design modified a patent is given to the inventor to prevent his/her work from being used by others without the inventor benefitting2. The process of maturing and sustaining an efficient IP strategy is quite cumbersome, but is very necessary before a new product is taken to the market for sales. In order to mature an IP strategy the following steps are used as guidelines: study more on the IP strategies, find more about the freedom acquired when using IP strategies, approach relevant authorities and lastly develop an inclusive IP strategy and operation plan Leigh being so much aware of the risk his innovation faced developed a competitive IP strategy making a very smart move, which should be emulated by other innovators. He patented his des ign of the two independent spools joined by a locking mechanism hence put on clear line between his invention and those that preceded his design. New Zealand, Canada and Australia all granted him safeguard for his invention from parties, which could take advantage and use the design for personal interests. Managing organizational knowledge and innovation strategies Leign is very innovative and creative, which is evident in him coming up with a very good design of a safety system

Causes and Effects of Abortion

Causes and Effects of Abortion INTRODUCTION: Abortion means termination of pregnancy – it can either be spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous is known as miscarriage, while induced simply means termination of a pregnancy which is planned. Recently, the statistics have shown an increase in abortion rate year after year. Abortion can cause by social, economic or pregnant women health condition as well. However, it will lead to a number of negative effect toward pregnant women’ health, and social as too. Abortion is an activity banned in certain country, such as North Carolina and Hawaii (Nationwide abortion procedure ban update 1998). This activity can define as a termination of pregnancy; it can be either spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous is known as miscarriage, while induced simply means that termination of a pregnancy which is planned (Abortion 2001). The latest statistics have shown an increase in abortion rate year by year, it is unfavorable fact. It can cause by social, economic or pregnant women health condition as well. However, it will lead to a number of negative effects toward pregnant woman’s health and social too. Social issue can be one of the big factors which cause abortion rate increase day after day, such as crime act. We are unable to deny that the frequency of crime cases in our nation is slightly high. There is a real case which takes place in the previous month, April, which a student from Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman (Ktar) was rape by the college’s security guard, the victim is only eighteen years old, because of this bad experience, the victim it will be confront with long term influence, which mean that she will not only affect in the aspect of physically but also physiology, and it probably need to take some time to cure towards the bad incident and unfortunate. For those pregnancies result from rape or insect, these women who are victims of the assaults often seen abortions (Abortion- Reasons for abortions 2007). Incest can be defined as sexual relations between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal or forbidden by custom (Incest 2001). The probabi lity of the fetus get from incest will be deformity is slightly high because the parties may have blood-relation between themselves. Most of the women, however, decide to have an abortion because the pregnancy will represents a problem in their future and current lives as well. Besides that, there is also an evidence abounds that a high proportion of women become pregnant unintentionally, in both developed and developing countries. In the United States and in some Eastern European countries for which data are available, about on-half to three-fifths of all pregnancies are unintended, and a large proportion of these are resolved through abortion. And in many developing countries, the proportion of recent births that are unintended exceeds 40%. The level of unintended pregnancy for developing countries would be even higher if more accurate abortion information were available, since most abortions represent, by definition, unintended pregnancies (Reasons why women have induced abortion s: evidence 1998). Education level in a certain country may affect the idea of the abortion practice in the public mind. However, lower level of education possibly will encourage the people enter into a casual sexual relationship which will leads to pregnancy with no prospect of marriage. Even if the sexual relationship is more than casual, abortion is may be needed because a woman decides that the social status of the male is improper (Abortion- Reasons for abortions 2007). Sexually active teenagers are at an immediate risk of becoming pregnant or acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. Young sexually active teens are much less likely than older teens to use contraception consistently, however, the vast majority of teenage pregnancies are unintended, and close to half of those accidental pregnancies which is 45% end in an abortion. Teens may choose to have an abortion because they have concerns about how the baby would change their lives, for example completing their education, and they will worry about the financial problems, or they feel that they are not mature enough to become a parent, abortion levels can decline if the high rate of unintended pregnancies is reduced or if more pregnant teens are carrying their pregnancy to term (Teen abortions 2003). In addition, young pregnant women will be short of experience in taking care the baby, and so they also unable to foreseen the baby’s later life, because of that, they may decide to terminate the pregnancy rather than carry on the fetus. In certain country, such as China, they have carried out a policy which the government tend to control the population in their country, which is one child per family policy, this policy was applying in year 1980 (Abortion in China 2001). Introduction of this policy has contributed to the increased rapidly in the number of abortion and there are reports show that forced abortions are uncommon nowadays. In several unique circumstances, the pregnancy women can be leg alizing by obtaining the approval from the population authorities. Therefore, those women who are from urban area in China show higher possibility to attain the permission to carry more than a child (Illegal births and legal abortion – the case of China 2005). Besides, abortion is a legal practice in Brazil if it is the only means to save the woman’s life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape. Although this has been the law for over 60 years, it has almost never been applied until recent years. In the past five years, the number of hospitals providing care to women victims of sexual violence has increased from 4 to 63, of which 40 people are currently providing legal abortion (Making legal abortion accessible in Brazil 2002). Furthermore, condition of an economic in certain country will give an impact to the statistic of abortion in a nation, such as during unemployment, inflation and deflation. A simply define that inflation is where a situation that ‘too much money chasing too few goods’, and this will influenced directly toward the distribution approach in the market (Inflation 2000). On the other hand, unemployment is where a situation the worker wants to work, but is unable to work and it may have advantages as well as disadvantages for the overall economy, notably, it may help turn away from inflation, which will negatively affects almost everyone in the economy (Unemployment 2007). During a high unemployment rate, there will be recession in market, which the employee will face financial difficulty to afford an additional child and as well as the parents and the existing children. If this happen, the pregnant women will think about whether they should carry on or terminate the pregnancy . In contrast, while there is boom in the economic, and so there will be a different choice on the pregnant women. While sometimes the parents will make a decision to take on an abortion, where there is a prospect in their career and they are unwilling to sacrifice the precious opportunity. Some will think the parents are cruel and selfish, but we are not them and we will not know the situation and feeling on them. Yet, economic boom will promote international business in the country, and the people will gain benefit through it, such as advanced in technology. International businesses encourage exchange of knowledge and experience between the countries, and it will built good relation between nations. As we know, Japan always adopting and possessing the advance technology and technique among the countries; many people in our country are fancy to get trained from them. Unable to deny that, failure rate in our country have been minimized by the advancing of medical technique in our co untry’s which compare to previous stage and currently the people are become more assurance with our country’s medical system, and technique and they are willing to carry out some high risk operation, such as heart operation. Recently, our country ex-prime minister has successfully done the heart operation in Malaysia. Subsequent to this incident, some of the pregnant women will possibly more confidence, and fewer anxious toward the possibility of failure in an abortion, and so they are able to make a quicker decision when they in the choice of either terminate or carry on the pregnancy. A worst health condition of the pregnant women may not encourage to carrying on the pregnancy, because there will be a risk to the fetus and the pregnant women too. Women who use drugs often will suffer from serious health problems, sexually transmitted diseases, and mental health problems. Studies have found that at least 70 percent of women who are drug users have been sexually abused by the age of sixteen. Drugs use is a serious health problem for many reasons. Women who use drugs may at the risk of becoming infected with HIV, which it is a virus that causes AIDS. These viruses can be spread through needless used to inject drugs. As a result, women who inject drugs and share needles are especially at the risk. A mother who uses drugs may possibly threat her life and her baby’s. When a pregnant woman uses drugs, she and her unborn child may face serious health problems. For instance, during pregnancy, the drugs used by the mother can enter the baby’s bloodstream. The effect on the baby can be HIV infection, AIDS, prematurely, low birth weight, small head size, poor motor skills and behavior problems. The mother who is continuing drug use will puts her children at risk for neglect, physical abuse and malnutrition (Pregnancy and drug use 2001). In addition, drug abuse may also cause underweight babies, birth defects or withdrawal symptoms after birth. For those pregnant women who are infected with serious harms of health, and they will be advice by doctor which come to an end of the pregnancy rather than bring on, because the virus possibly will transmit to the baby during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and through breastfeeding. If the pregnant women no take any preventive drugs and breastfeeds then the chance of her baby becoming infected by the virus is around 20-45% (HIV AIDS Pregnancy 2007). Although pregnancy is often portrayed as a time of great joy, that is not reality for all women. At least one in ten pregnant women will be suffers with depression. For years, experts mistakenly believed that pregnancy hormones protected against depression, leaving women more in danger to the illness only after the baby was born and their hormone levels plunged. They now believe that the brain chemistry will be interrupt in the rapid increase in hormone levels at the start of pregnancy and lead to depression. Hormonal changes will make the pregnant women feel more anxious than usual. Anxiety is another condition where that can and should be treated during pregnancy (Depression during pregnancy 2005). In these days, there are many young women in high school or college find out themselves pregnant and they are confront with emotional difficulties, which is due to that they are unprepared to enter parenthood and raise a child, or they are too young to do so and not have a reliable partner with who to raise a child. Besides that, they are required to choose either continuing education which can survive economically in their later life or dropping out to have the baby. Young couples who are just starting their lives together and want children might prefer become financially secure first to provide better care for their future children. In addition, the health of the baby will be affected if the pregnant women are dealing with mentally difficulties, such as anxiety and stress. In contrast, condition of a fetus during the pregnancy period will not only due to mental illness of the pregnant women, the lifestyle of the pregnant women will give a big impact toward the baby’s strength. For those pregnant women who take in alcohol regularly, smoking and any others bad habit will all provide a serious impact to the baby, which the possibility of carry an abnormal baby is extremely high. While the pregnant women smoking during pregnancy period will passes nicotine and cancer-causing drugs to the baby and smoke will also keeps the baby from getting nourishment and raises the risk of stillbirth or premature birth. On the other hand secondhand smoke exposure will cause disease and premature death in children and adult who do not smoke. For those children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased in the risk for sudden infant death syndrome, ear problems, and more severe asthma (Health harms from secondhand smoke 2007). Alcohol can cause life long physical and behavioral problems in the children, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which mean it will cause the baby mental retardation, abnormal facial features, growth problems, vision or hearing problems, all this causes will be lasts for a life time, and there is no cure for this. So, if the pregnant women are doing so, the health care provider can recommend programs, such as abortion, to help you quit and so the pregnant women and the baby will be better off (Pregnancy and substance abuse 2007). In contrast, relationship with husband or partner and family members will affect the pregnant women judgment. Nearly all of the teenage pr egnancy, will not support by their family members, because they believe that though of the teenage pregnancy are still immature and they are unable to educate their child in the right way, due to this the family members will suggested them to terminate the pregnancy. Because of opposition of the young pregnancy will feel homeless and though of terminate the baby’s life even suicide. In addition, if the relationship with partner or husband had broken up before or since pregnancy discovered it will as a result of why women have abortions (Reasons why women have abortions 2002). If there is a problem in the relationship between pregnant women and the husband or partner and will lead to the pregnant women decides to abort the child because she does not want to be a single parent (Abortion: Pros and cons 1999). On the other hand, if in a family which the husband is contributing the main financial support, and once they have broke up or divorce, the pregnant women may think to abor tion instead of carrying on which due to the pregnancy women will not be able to work for a certain period and so she will have no sufficient financial support during and after pregnancy time. Moreover, abortion may also cause by the husband or partner or the pregnant women are in jail or prison because violation of discipline, which this incident is force to terminate the baby and not abort with willingness. In the opinion of Pro-life people, they believed ‘psychological harm’ is one of the effects of abortion. They argue that women will get horrible nightmares of their children after they have abortion, and they will regret and feel guilty about their decision. They physical effects from the abortion usually appear in the future, such as tubal pregnancy and sterility. People from the pro-life group have evidence that abortion can breast cancer and the worst physical effect is death, it’s recoded that 200 women have died from legal abortion since 1973 (Abortion: Pros and cons 1999). For those women who decide to take on an abortion, they must be willing to bear the effects after the abortion neither it is physiology nor psychological. The worst physical effect is death, in record, there are 200 women have died from legal abortion since 1973 (Abortion: Pros and cons 1999). In addition, approximately 60 percent of women who experience of abortion follow-up a report with suicidal ideation, with 28 percent actually attempting suicide, of which half attempted suicide two or more times. Researchers in Finland have identifies a strong statistical association between abortion and suicide in a records based study. They identified 73 suicides associated within one year to a pregnancy ending either naturally or by induced abortion. The mean annual suicide rate for all women was 11.3 per 100,000. The suicide rate associated with birth was significantly lower at 5.9 per 100,000 (Abortion hurts women psychologically and emotionally 1999). There is another case where too much blood run off during abortion may lead to both mother and the baby or either one death. There is a risk in performing abortion, and if the pregnant women decide to take the risk, and so she must keen to tolerate the implication which due to abortion. According to Cr. M. C. Pike, at University of Southern California in 1981, he has demonstrated a direct association of induced abortion with breast cancer. He studies 163 women who developed breast cancer before age 33, and compared them with 272 controls. He showed that if a woman had aborted her first pregnancy, her change of developing breast cancer was increased by a factor of 2.4 times (Breast cancer 2006). While there is another view with risk of abortion, which in February 2003, the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) held a workshop of more than 100 of the world’s leading experts who study pregnancy and breast cancer risk. The experts’ assessment existing human and animal studies on the relationship between pregnanc y and breast cancer risk, including studies of induced and spontaneous abortions. Among their conclusion, breast cancer risk will increased after a term pregnancy, which is a pregnancy that results in the birth of living child or abort it (Can having an abortion cause or contribute to breast cancer 2007). In another word, breast cancer may due to hormonal changes during pregnancy; furthermore, change in hormone will cause the handicapped of the newborn in later pregnancies. Post abortion syndrome (PAS) is a term that has been used to describe the emotional and psychological cost of abortion, in order to cope with the emotional pain that accompanies abortion; woman may develop a set of resistance mechanisms to defend their decision. They may include rationalization, repression, and compensation. Moreover, there may have several symptoms of PAS, where some will occur immediately after an abortion and other may take months or even years to surface. One of it is strong feeling of guilty , which is a normal reaction that usually surface after the woman recognize that abortion is wrong and that she is responsible for committing her own abortion (Physical and psychological complications of abortion 2002). For those who are feeling extremely guilty, they will repeat and persistently dreams or even nightmare which is about the child. In addition, where a new research from New Zealand has confirmed that abortion substantially increases the risk for mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression in young women. According to David Fergussen, psychology professor, had found a relative rate of mental health-related concerns, such as a tendency to suicide, and drug and alcohol abuse were all significantly increased in women with a past history of abortion (New research supports abortion-mental health risk claims 2007). Â  A social will straightforwardly influence ones behavior, and there are some people who are arguing that abortion is morally wrong on the basis that a fetus is an innocent human being, however, there are still a group of people who are not agree with that (Abortion debate 2007). If a society allows the people to carry out abortion legally, the peace in a nation will be affected, because the people will now become more cruel and unethical, which they will never feel any guilty after the doing any crime act, such as abortion, and so the society will be terror. On the other hand, the performing of crime will increase unconsciously due to the immorality of the human. Besides that, in the developing country, there may possibly arise an incident where the citizens are lack of information about the sexually intercourse, thus the people there are unaware regarding the cause and effect of abortion and casual sexual practice. Because of the ignorant, will confidence the public to carry out casual sexual relationship among the teenagers. Moreover, this will boost up in the of infection venereal disease due to violence in sexual activity, such as AIDS, which are common in these days (Nine reasons why abortions should be illegal 2001). In summary, issues arise in social, economic and health condition of pregnant women will cause an abortion activity taking place. Besides, the will be some specific impact which due to the abortion. Crime rate in a nation is slightly related to the abortion, because pregnancy result from rape will be an unwanted child, and the pregnant women will decide to abort it. Additionally, knowledgeable in a certain nation will affect the idea of abortion in the public, and rule and regulations of a country will give an impact to the people as well. However, tendency of economic will illustrate in the rate of the abortion rate, for example, during high unemployment rate, the abortion rate will go high as well, and it may due to the financial problem which will confront by the family later. Next, technology advancing in a country, will encourage the people to take on an abortion, because the risk of failure can be minimize, and so their concern. In fact, lifestyle and health condition of pregna nt women are linked, for instance, those women who are drug abuse will present an impact toward the fetus, which is a life long impact. Abortion may take place where there is a matter arise either with husband or family member and it will influence the sensation of the pregnant women. Nonetheless, abortion could come along with the implication either mentally or physiology or both affection, such as feeling guilty and depression. Besides that, they will also be infected with breast cancer, or even death during or after the abortion. Subsequently, social will also be affected if the abortion carries out legally in a certain homeland. As a conclusion, abortion will surely lead to a bad tendency in society, so government should play their role, which control the abortion activities, ensure that, there is a good reason for abortion, and not the reason of feeling curious toward sexual intercourse. Also, pregnant women should aware about the cause and effect of abortion and ensure that yo u and your partner are free from venereal disease, which mean that carry out the sex in a safe condition. R E F E R E N C E Abortion 2001. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/abortion Abortion debate 2007. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Abortion_debate#Ethical_debate Abortion hurts women psychologically and emotionally 1999. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from http://www.optionline.org/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20abortion emotional%20risks.pdf Abortion in China 2001. Retrieved: October 28, 2007, from http://www.abortiontv. com/Misc/ChinaAbortions.htm Abortion: Pros and cons 1999. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, from http://www.lclark. edu/~krauss/advwrf99/causeeffect/felixcause.html Abortion- Reasons for abortions 2007. Retrieved: October 30, 2007, from http://family. jrank.org/pages/2/Abortion-Reasons-Abortions.html Breast cancer 2006. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, from http://www.abortionfacts. com/online_books/love_them_both/why_cant_we_love_them_both_23.asp Can having an abortion cause or contribute to breast cancer 2007. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Can_Having_ an_ Abortion_Cause_or_Contribute_to_Breast_Cancer.asp Depression during pregnancy 2005. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from http://www.baby center.com/0_depression-during-pregnancy_9179.bc#articlesection0 Health harms from secondhand smoke 2007. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, from http://tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0103.pdf HIV AIDS Pregnancy 2007. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, from http://www.avert. org/pregnancy.htm Illegal births and legal abortion – the case of China 2005. Retrieved: October 28, 2007, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1215519 Incest 2001. Retrieved: November 1, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/incest Inflation 2000. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from http://www2.resbank.co.za/internet/ Glossary.nsf/b551f2529ff409b742256b41004c6a7e/b6de54fdff3ee35442256b430 02f6fc7?OpenDocument Making legal abortion accessible in Brazil 2002. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94126274.html New research supports abortion-mental health risk claims 2007. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2006/jan/06010507.html Nine reasons why abortions should be illegal 2001. Retrieved: 31, October, 2007, from http://www.mrdata.net/books/9reasons.htm Nationwide abortion procedure ban update 1998. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from http://www.now.org/issues/abortion/wisctalk.html#nationwide Physical and psychological complications of abortion 2002. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/tul/pap1.html Pregnancy and drug use 2001. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from http://www.pregnancy. org/article.php?sid=1201 Pregnancy and substance abuse 2007. Retrieved: 1 October, 2007, from http://www.nlm. nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandsubstanceabuse.html Reasons why women have abortions 2002. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from http://www.postabortionpaths.org.nz/ReasRisk.asp Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence 1998. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2411798.html Teen abortions 2003. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from http://www.childtrendsdata bank.org/indicators/27TeenAbortions.cfm Unemployment 2007. Retrieved: October 25, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Unemployment

Students Should Study Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mark Twain published what scholars still consider one of the greatest American literary works in 1885, and in that same year it suffered its first banning (Zwick). â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is essential to the understanding of the American soul,† Victor Doyno states on the jacket of Random House’s comprehensive edition of the novel. If Huckleberry Finn is so indispensable, then its having been opposed from the beginning of its life seems more than a little surprising. At first, the strife was caused by many objecting to the friendship between Huckleberry Finn, the white protagonist, and Jim, an escaped African American slave, in addition to the grammar upon which many critics of the time frowned. As our society experiences changes in priorities, taboos, and social trends, the points of concern shift, and no longer do critics grimace at an interracial friendship; instead, they attack the racism supposedly present (Chadwick). A number of students, parents, and, on less frequent occasions, teachers claim that Huckleberry Finn possesses racist overtones and try to have it removed from school libraries and the curriculum. Despite the controversy, Huckleberry Finn, in which Twain delivers an honest depiction of the 1800’s, maintains its stance as a classic piece of literature beneficial to a student’s education (Chadwick). The shallowest and most prevalent argument involves the repeated, some attackers say excessive, use of the word â€Å"nigger,† which appears over two hundred times (Zwick). Today, the word is unquestionably one of the most offensive expletives in use; the book, however, was not written for this decade, or even this century, and it certainly was not intended to be a written prediction of the future. Huck... ...nd hopefully in another century, his writing will continue to enlighten future students. WORKS CITED â€Å"Blackface: The Minstrel Tradition.† Louisville University. 12 March 2003 http://www.louisville.edu/~afcren01/blackface.html>. Chadwick, Jocelyn. â€Å"Why Huck Finn Belongs in Classrooms.† Harvard Education Research Letter Online. November 2000. 10 February 2003 http://www.edletter.org/past/issues/2000-nd/huckfinn.shtml>. Gregory Leslie. â€Å"Finding Jim Behind the Mask: The Revelation of African American Humanity in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.† Ampersand. 13 July 1998. 12 March 2003 http://itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol1/huckfinn.htm>. Salwen, Peter. â€Å"Is Huck Finn a Racist Book?† Salwen Business Communications. 1996. 10 February 2003 http://salwen.com/mtrace.html>. â€Å"Stereotype.† Def. 2. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. 1997.